Comparison of national test results data shows pupils admitted to university under racial quotas graduate with the same scores on average as non-quota peers The first nationwide analysis of Brazil’s university admissions quotas has found strong levels of achievement among some students admitted under the scheme but warns that attainment gaps cannot be closed by affirmative action alone. National admission quotas were first introduced in the South American country in 1999 and, since 2012, all of Brazil’s public and private higher education institutions have been required